The American job market could also be shifting right into a decrease gear this spring, a flip that economists have anticipated for months after a vigorous rebound from the pandemic shock.

Employers added 175,000 positions in April, the Labor Division reported Friday, undershooting forecasts. The unemployment fee ticked as much as 3.9 p.c.

A much less torrid growth after the 242,000-job common over the prior 12 months isn’t essentially unhealthy information, provided that layoffs have remained low and most sectors seem secure.

“It’s not a foul economic system; it’s nonetheless a wholesome economic system,” mentioned Perc Pineda, chief economist on the Plastics Business Affiliation. “I believe it’s a part of the cycle. We can not proceed sturdy development indefinitely contemplating the bounds of our economic system.”

The labor market has defied projections of a substantial slowdown for over a 12 months within the face of a speedy escalation in borrowing prices, a minor banking disaster and two main wars. However financial development declined markedly within the first quarter, suggesting that the exuberance of the final two years could be settling right into a extra sustainable rhythm.

Wage development eased, with common hourly earnings up 3.9 p.c from a 12 months earlier, in contrast with 4.1 p.c within the March report. Swift wage development within the first quarter, evidenced by a hotter-than-expected Employment Cost Index studying, could have partly mirrored raises and minimum-wage will increase that took impact in January in addition to new union contracts.

The variety of hours labored per week sank, one other sign that employers want much less staffing. A broader measure of unemployment that features individuals working half time for financial causes edged as much as 7.4 p.c, from file lows in late 2022.

The findings could also be welcome information for the Federal Reserve, which has held rates of interest regular as inflation has remained cussed. Though the Fed chair, Jerome H. Powell, mentioned this week that he wasn’t concentrating on decrease wage development, he added that sustained scorching pay good points might forestall inflation from subsiding.

Bond yields fell on the brand new information, indicating a perception that the Fed could lower charges this 12 months after some doubt that it could achieve this, and shares rallied.

President Biden celebrated the report as a continuation of the “nice American comeback,” however his presumptive rival within the November election, former President Donald J. Trump, characterised it as “HORRIBLE JOBS NUMBERS” on his Fact Social platform. Below Mr. Trump’s presidency, earlier than the pandemic took maintain in March 2020, month-to-month job will increase averaged about 180,000 — only a tad larger than April’s acquire.

The April exhibiting is in keeping with different indicators of slackening situations which have mounted in latest months: Job openings have fallen substantially from their peak two years in the past, and employees are quitting their jobs at decrease charges than they have been earlier than the pandemic. And the hiring figures for February and March, which got here in larger than forecast, could have been flattered by an unusually heat winter.

“We’ve seen a major easing in labor demand, and it’s not a shock that hiring can be slowing down on this financial surroundings the place rates of interest are nonetheless elevated,” mentioned Lydia Boussour, a senior economist on the consulting agency EY-Parthenon.

Employment development has been narrowing to a couple industries, and that development held in April’s seasonally adjusted numbers, with well being care — which is powered by growing older demographics and doesn’t fluctuate as a lot with financial cycles — accounting for a 3rd of the expansion.

Leisure and hospitality employment rose solely barely, arresting what had been pretty swift development because the trade approaches its prepandemic staffing ranges.

The impact of upper rates of interest has been clearly seen in manufacturing, a capital-intensive sector the place employment has primarily been flat since late 2022. Federal incentives for the manufacturing of semiconductors and clear vitality gear are producing funding, however the employment impression has been muted.

That’s true at Voith Hydro in York, Pa., a maker of equipment for dams and pump storage amenities, that are a method to handle electrical energy demand. Some orders have been accelerated by the Infrastructure Funding and Jobs Act, and a tax break within the Inflation Discount Act not too long ago supported the set up of recent gear.

Whereas Voith signed a brand new contract with its unionized employees final 12 months with higher wages and advantages to stay aggressive with close by employers, its work power of 350 hasn’t notably expanded.

“There are fewer individuals coming into the trades, and there’s a smaller pool of individuals to select from,” mentioned Carl Atkinson, vp of gross sales and advertising for the hydropower division. “That merely is difficult a complete group of producers to be extra environment friendly.”

That technique has contributed to sturdy productiveness development over the previous a number of quarters, which has helped wages to rise sooner than costs. Relying on how many individuals begin on the lookout for work, such efficiencies may also immediate the unemployment fee to float larger. However thus far, the provision of employees has been a essential issue propelling the surprisingly sturdy employment development of the previous two years.

A part of that stems from the elevated circulate of each authorized and undocumented immigrants, which added about 80,000 employees month-to-month to the labor power final 12 months, in accordance with calculations by Goldman Sachs, and can add one other 50,000 per 30 days this 12 months. Economists on the Brookings Establishment estimated that immigration would enable 160,000 to 200,000 jobs a month to be added in 2024 with out fueling inflation.

However the availability of employees has additionally been amplified by ladies between the ages of 25 and 54 — usually thought-about prime working years — who set a labor power participation file of 78 p.c in April.

Amongst these again within the job market this 12 months is Juliette Gore, 46, who labored in gross sales for the credit score reporting firm Equifax earlier than taking break day to boost her three sons. She then began a pc networking gear enterprise along with her husband in an Atlanta suburb, however offered her stake once they divorced in 2022.

After taking a 12 months to renovate her home, Ms. Gore began on the lookout for jobs in early 2024. It turned out to be unhealthy timing, as skilled companies employers had been pulling again after a interval of speedy hiring. She despatched dozens of functions however has landed solely two interviews, and the closest factor to a job supply paid far lower than she would settle for.

“I really feel it’s going to take for much longer than I anticipated,” Ms. Gore mentioned. “Some are saying issues gained’t search for till early subsequent 12 months.”

Declining job availability might also be pushing some individuals to show to gig employment, which doesn’t present up within the month-to-month employer survey. In keeping with a Bank of America analysis of its personal information, the share of accounts with app-based revenue reached a file excessive within the first three months of this 12 months, largely from ride-sharing revenue.

A rising unemployment fee might restrain spending by shoppers, who’ve additionally been burning via financial institution balances constructed through the pandemic, however nonetheless go away an economic system that’s nonetheless essentially sound.

“We’re nonetheless forecasting what we’d name a modest slowdown, however we’ve obtained the image bettering once more,” mentioned Stephen Brown, deputy chief North America economist for Capital Economics. “For the typical employee, it’s not going to really feel like a slowdown.”